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The most common explanation, in textbooks and political propaganda (both
Zionist and anti-Zionist), relates the emergence of Zionism in the
nineteenth century to the outbreak of anti-Semitism: the appearance of
racist theories in Germany and France, pogroms in Russia in 1881/82 and
the Kishinev killings in 1903, the Dreyfus affair. But these examples only
beg the question in more than one way. It was not only in the late
nineteenth century that Jews began to experience feelings of enmity from
the communities surrounding them. Jewish history is a chronicle of
discrimination at the hands of Christians and Muslims alike long before
the rise of racist anti-Semitism in the nineteenth century. Jews were
executed under the Visigoths and Byzantines, massacred during the
Crusades, expelled from England, France, and then traumatically from Spain
and Portugal, not allowed to reside in imperial cities in the Holy Roman
Empire, forcibly converted in Portugal and Persia alike, made to wear
distinctive clothes and barred from holding public offices in Christian
Italy and Muslim Morocco. In all these cases Jews reacted with resignation
and by immigration to other countries, but not to Palestine. What made
them react to the persecution of the nineteenth century by turning toward
Zion?Article: http://pnews.org/ArT/ZioN/ZioRev.shtml


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